[103], The policies of Maria Theresa's government toward their Eastern Orthodox subjects were marked by special interests, relating not only to complex religious situations in various southern and eastern regions of the Habsburg Monarchy, inhabited by Eastern Orthodox Christians, mainly Serbs and Romanians, but also regarding the political aspirations of the Habsburg court toward several neighbouring lands and regions in Southeastern Europe still held by the declining Ottoman Empire and inhabited by an Eastern Orthodox population. Somewhat surprisingly, the nobles were supported by Maria Theresa´s son and co-ruler Joseph II, who had earlier called for the abolition of serfdom. "[57][f] On 26 October, the Elector of Bavaria captured Prague and declared himself King of Bohemia. Unbestritten hat sie den Reformbedarf ihrer Zeit wahrgenommen. Durch die weitreichenden Reformen als Regentin prägte Maria Theresia nicht nur die Habsburgermonarchie, sondern auch den Landsitz Schloss Hof. [h][87] The last in the family to be infected with the illness was the fourteen-year-old Elisabeth. The aim was to create a modern and effective state bureaucracy. Like all members of the House of Habsburg, Maria Theresa was a Roman Catholic, and a devout one. [142] The reform of the primary schools largely met Maria Theresa´s aim of raising literacy standards, as evidenced by the higher proportions of children who attended school; this was particularly the case in the Archdiocese of Vienna, where school attendance increased from 40% in 1780 to a sensational 94% by 1807. Besides, Maria Theresa herself agreed with the partition when she realised that Frederick II of Prussia and Catherine II of Russia would do it with or without Austrian participation. Most importantly, she was ready to recognise the mental superiority of some of her advisers and to give way to a superior mind while enjoying support of her ministers even if their ideas differed from her own. Nach seinem Tod ließ sie das Schloss um ein Stockwerk erhöhen und neu einrichten. [98], In the third decade of her reign, influenced by her Jewish courtier Abraham Mendel Theben, Maria Theresa issued edicts that offered some state protection to her Jewish subjects. I just try to avoid public scandal. [7] France, Spain, Saxony, Bavaria and Prussia later reneged. [4] Her father was the only surviving male member of the House of Habsburg and hoped for a son who would prevent the extinction of his dynasty and succeed him. Although she had already won the admiration of the Hungarians, the number of volunteers was only in the hundreds. Subsequently, Maria Theresa sent Georg Adam, Prince of Starhemberg to negotiate an agreement with France, and the result was the First Treaty of Versailles of 1 May 1756. She delivered her last child, Maximilian Francis, during the Seven Years' War, aged 39. Maria Theresia , Alfred von Arneth. Maria Theresia-Joseph-Wien. A decisive part in these reforms was played by Count Leopold von Daun, on whose initiative the Theresian Military Academy in Wiener Neustadt was established to train a new generation of officers on the most up-to-date principles. [90], In April 1770, Maria Theresa's youngest daughter, Maria Antonia, married Louis, Dauphin of France, by proxy in Vienna. She has, as you well know, a terrible hatred for France, with which nation it is most difficult for her to keep on good terms, but she controls this passion except when she thinks to her advantage to display it. However, this applied only to the Austrian and Bohemian Lands. [33] Maria Theresa did secure recognition from King Charles Emmanuel III of Sardinia, who had not accepted the Pragmatic Sanction during her father's lifetime, in November 1740. The Austrians suffered a crushing defeat at the Battle of Mollwitz in April 1741. She forbade the forcible conversion of Jewish children to Christianity in 1762, and in 1763 she forbade Catholic clergy from extracting surplice fees from her Jewish subjects. Following the indecisive Battle of Lobositz in 1756, he was replaced by Prince Charles Alexander of Lorraine, Maria Theresa's brother-in-law. Mai 1717 in Wien; † 29. Die Josephinischen Reformen in Österreich unter Maria Theresia und Joseph II. Queen Elisabeth of Spain and Elector Charles Albert of Bavaria, married to Maria Theresa's deprived cousin Maria Amalia and supported by Empress Wilhelmine Amalia, coveted portions of her inheritance. Vienna was in a panic, as none of Maria Theresa's advisors had expected France to betray them. Not only Voltaire and Rousseau are included in the list, from the immoral tendency or licentious nature of their writings; but many authors whom we consider as unexceptionable or harmless, experience a similar treatment. The Battle of Kolin that followed was a decisive victory for Austria. Predictably, some of this came from peasants who wanted the children to work in the fields instead. Her threats of abdication were rarely taken seriously; Maria Theresa believed that her recovery from smallpox in 1767 was a sign that God wished her to reign until death. The map shows the territorial development of the Habsburg Monarchy as it evolved into a sprawling, geographically fragmented empire. Maria Theresa promulgated institutional, financial, medical and educational reforms, with the assistance of Wenzel Anton of Kaunitz-Rietberg, Friedrich Wilhelm von Haugwitz and Gerard van Swieten. By 26 November, she asked for the last rites, and on 28 November, the doctor told her that the time had come. The imperial family staged opera productions, often conducted by Charles VI, in which she relished participating. [93] She was also influenced by Jansenist ideas. 0 comments. [117] After Kaunitz became the head of the new Staatsrat, he pursued a policy of "aristocratic enlightenment" that relied on persuasion to interact with the estates, and he was also willing to retract some of Haugwitz's centralization to curry favour with them. [3] It was clear that Maria Theresa would outrank them,[3] even though their grandfather, Holy Roman Emperor Leopold I, had his sons sign the Mutual Pact of Succession, which gave precedence to the daughters of the elder brother. This was the first step towards compulsory universal primary education for broad sectors of the population. She also promoted commerce and the development of agriculture, and reorganised Austria's ramshackle military, all of which strengthened Austria's international standing. She was the sovereign of Austria, Hungary, Croatia, Bohemia, Transylvania, Mantua, Milan, Lodomeria and Galicia, the Austrian Netherlands, and Parma. When Maria Theresa assumed the reins of government following the sudden death of her father in 1740 it was soon obvious that Charles’s lifelong efforts to secure the continuation of the Habsburg Monarchy through diplomatic agreements had had little success. [63] French troops fled Bohemia in the winter of the same year. However, the latter did not apply to Hungary with its associated territories, the Austrian Netherlands or Lombardy, in which separate administrations continued to exist. Buy Die Regentschaft Maria Theresias zwischen Reformen und Machterhalt (German Edition): Read Kindle Store Reviews - Amazon.com Her reforms had transformed the empire into a modern state with a significant international standing. Kultur im Österreich. [36] Despite her love for him and his position as co-ruler, Maria Theresa never allowed her husband to decide matters of state and often dismissed him from council meetings when they disagreed. https://www.habsburger.net/en/chapter/maria-theresa-and-her-reforms, Hamann, Brigitte (Hg. Her title after the death of her husband was: Maria Theresa, by the Grace of God, Dowager Empress of the Romans, Queen of Hungary, of Bohemia, of Dalmatia, of Croatia, of Slavonia, of Galicia, of Lodomeria, etc. Maria Theresa very unwillingly consented to the occupation of Bavaria, and a year later she made peace proposals to Frederick II despite Joseph's objections. [78], Biographer Barbara Stollberg-Rilinger comments:[79]. The French overran the Austrian Netherlands in May. You can also find further information in our data protection declaration. [174] She centralised and modernised its institutions, and her reign was considered as the beginning of the era of "enlightened absolutism" in Austria, with a brand new approach toward governing: the measures undertaken by rulers became more modern and rational, and thoughts were given to the welfare of the state and the people. Details on the individual cookies can be found under “Cookie settings”. He neglected the advice of Prince Eugene of Savoy, who believed that a strong military and a rich treasury were more important than mere signatures. Though she was expected to cede power to her husband, Emperor Francis I, and her eldest son, Emperor Joseph II, who were officially her co-rulers in Austria and Bohemia, Maria Theresa was the absolute sovereign who ruled with the counsel of her advisers. [165] Subsequently, on 30 December 1777, Maximilian III Joseph, Elector of Bavaria died without leaving any children. [95] Although Maria Theresa was a very pious person, she also enacted policies that suppressed exaggerated display of piety, such as the prohibition of public flagellantism. [167], It is unlikely that Maria Theresa ever completely recovered from the smallpox attack in 1767, as 18th-century writers asserted. She completely withdrew from court life, public events, and theater. Länder - Neuzeit, Absolutismus, Industrialisierung, Note: Sehr Gut, , Sprache: Deutsch, Abstract: Maria Theresia war eine Reformerin, ihre Motive aber sind zu hinterfragen. [133], In the 1770s, reform of the schooling system for all levels of society became a major policy. This was a product of deep religious devotion and was not kept secret in her time. Maria Theresa had another loss in February 1766 when Haugwitz died. Economic reforms were also introduced. However, Lombardy, the Austrian Netherlands and Hungary were almost completely untouched by this reform. Analysis cookies are used only with your consent and exclusively for statistical purposes. The actual implementation of this measure was a long-term project, as the necessary infrastructure and teaching staff were lacking. ): Die Habsburger. Maria Theresa abandoned all ornamentation, had her hair cut short, painted her rooms black and dressed in mourning for the rest of her life. [109] She employed Friedrich Wilhelm von Haugwitz, who modernised the empire by creating a standing army of 108,000 men, paid for with 14 million gulden extracted from crown lands. Joseph, however, was never able to establish rapport with the same advisers, even though their philosophy of government was closer to Joseph's than to Maria Theresa's. Hier können Sie die Rechte an diesem Artikel erwerben. An orderly administrative hierarchy was established, with new local authorities forming the lowest tier of state administration on a local level. Leopold Clement of Lorraine was first considered to be the appropriate suitor, and he was supposed to visit Vienna and meet the Archduchess in 1723. An increase in population would also provide more soldiers for the army. [97], Though she eventually gave up trying to convert her non-Catholic subjects to Catholicism, Maria Theresa regarded both the Jews and Protestants as dangerous to the state and actively tried to suppress them. Ironically, for this purpose, she was aided by Gerard van Swieten who was considered to be an "enlightened" man. One of the most important aims of Maria Theresa’s reforms was to increase the population, as it was thought that a larger number of inhabitants would bring about an economic upswing. Austrian and Russian troops even occupied Berlin for several days in August 1760. At the end of the War of the Austrian Succession, Count Podewils was sent as an ambassador to the Austrian court by King Frederick II of Prussia. Although some of these individuals moved on a voluntary basis, others, for example Protestants or social outsiders who were not tolerated by the state in the central parts of the Monarchy, were relocated by force. Attention was also given to raising the status and pay of teachers, who were forbidden to take on outside employment. The Estates represented the Crown Land in its dealings with the sovereign. "[136] Previously, schooling had been available in every city and in most parishes of the empire. The dowager empresses, her aunt Wilhelmine Amalia of Brunswick-Lüneburg and grandmother Eleonor Magdalene of Neuburg, were her godmothers. [65], Francis Stephen was elected Holy Roman Emperor on 13 September 1745. Under the rule of Maria Theresa and her son Joseph II reforms are instituted resulting ... © 2021 Die Welt der Habsburger All rights reserved. Die Josephinischen Reformen in Österreich unter Maria Theresia und Joseph II. von Herwig Wolfram), Wien 2001, Yonan, Michael E.: Empress Maria Theresa and the Politics of Habsburg Imperial Art, The Pennsylvania State University Press 2011. It was in Joseph's interest that she remained sovereign, for he often blamed her for his failures and thus avoided taking on the responsibilities of a monarch. [40] Maria Theresa's firmness soon assured Francis Stephen that they should fight for Silesia,[e] and she was confident that she would retain "the jewel of the House of Austria". Prussia recognised Francis as emperor, and Maria Theresa once again recognised the loss of Silesia by the Treaty of Dresden in December 1745, ending the Second Silesian War. [129] They were authorised to raid banquets, clubs, and private gatherings, and to arrest those suspected of violating social norms. [84][85], Maria Theresa in fact contracted smallpox from her daughter-in-law. She led the marriage negotiations along with the campaigns of her wars and the duties of state. [159] Sometimes, she openly admired his talents and achievements, but she was also not hesitant to rebuke him. She disliked Leopold's reserve and often blamed him for being cold. 1762, "Allgemeine Schulordnung, für die deutschen Normal- Haupt- und Trivialschulen in sämmtlichen kaiserl. 3523 views 0 comments 0 likes . He had ignored the advice of Prince Eugene of Savoy who had urged him to concentrate on filling the treasury and equipping the army rather than on acquiring signatures of fellow monarchs. [158], The relationship between Maria Theresa and Joseph was not without warmth but was complicated and their personalities clashed. Maria Theresia von Österreich (* 13. Thus, the birth of Maria Theresa was a great disappointment to him and the people of Vienna; Charles never managed to overcome this feeling.[4]. [148] By late 1772, Maria Theresa had resolved to take the more radical step of abolishing serfdom altogether in Bohemia, and entrusted her minister Franz Anton von Raab with the work of preparing the step. [114], Throughout her reign, Maria Theresa made the promotion of education a priority. [138] However, much of the opposition came from the royal court, particularly amongst aristocrats who saw their power threatened by the reformers or those who feared that that greater literacy would expose the population to Protestant or Enlightenment ideas. [171] With her death, the House of Habsburg died out and was replaced by the House of Habsburg-Lorraine. Kann asserts that she nevertheless possessed qualities appreciated in a monarch: warm heart, practical mind, firm determination and sound perception. [144], Maria Theresa endeavoured to increase the living standards of the people, since she could see a causal link between peasant living standards, productivity and state revenue. [172], Maria Theresa understood the importance of her public persona and was able to simultaneously evoke both esteem and affection in her subjects; a notable example was how she projected dignity and simplicity to awe the people in Pressburg before she was crowned as Queen of Hungary. No Issue. The day after the entrance of Prussia into Silesia, Francis Stephen exclaimed to the Prussian envoy, She explained her resolution to the Count furthermore: "I shall have all my armies, all my Hungarians killed off before I cede so much as an inch of ground.". Nachdem der Fortbestand der Monarchie und die internationale Anerkennung Maria Theresias als Regentin im Frieden von Aachen 1748 gesichert waren, begannen ab 1749 systematische Reformmaßnahmen in der Staatsverwaltung unter der Leitung von Friedrich Wilhelm von Haugwitz (17021765). Sparsely inhabited areas such as the Banat region in southern Hungary were systematically settled with colonists from overpopulated areas in a programme of internal colonization. The goal was to ensure that peasants not only could support themselves and their family members, but also help cover the national expenditure in peace or war. Maria Theresa Walburga Amalia Christina (German: Maria Theresia; 13 May 1717 – 29 November 1780) was the only female ruler of the Habsburg dominions, ruling from 1740 until her death in 1780. The first statistics, censuses and tax cadastres were introduced, enabling the state to gain an insight into the inner structures of the land so that specific economic measures could be implemented. In 1764, she ordered the release of those Jews who had been jailed for a blood libel in the village of Orkuta. The Jesuits were powerful and influential in the early years of Maria Theresa's reign. [112], In light of the failure to reclaim Silesia during the Seven Years' War, the governing system was once again reformed to strengthen the state. [42], As Austria was short of experienced military commanders, Maria Theresa released Marshall Neipperg, who had been imprisoned by her father for his poor performance in the Turkish War. [69] Before the war started, Kaunitz had been sent as an ambassador to Versailles from 1750–1753 to win over the French. [75], Over the course of twenty years, Maria Theresa gave birth to sixteen children, thirteen of whom survived infancy. After the continuation of the Monarchy and the international recognition of Maria Theresa as ruler had been guaranteed by the Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle in 1748, systematic reform of the state administration was undertaken from 1749 under the supervision of Friedrich Wilhelm von Haugwitz (1702–1765). [66] The wider war dragged on for another three years, with fighting in northern Italy and the Austrian Netherlands; however, the core Habsburg domains of Austria, Hungary and Bohemia remained in Maria Theresa's possession. [141], The education reform was met with considerable opposition. Ein biographisches Lexikon, Wien 1988, Herre, Franz: Maria Theresia. Declaratory Rescript of the Illyrian Nation, Maximilian III Joseph, Elector of Bavaria, Anthony Ulrich, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, Louis Rudolph, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, Albert Ernest I, Prince of Oettingen-Oettingen, "Pragmatic Sanction of Emperor Charles VI", "Making Maria Theresia 'King' Of Hungary", "What made Austria's Maria Theresa a one-of-a-kind ruler", "Maria Theresa: the empress who left a mixed impression on the Czech lands – Radio Prague", "Illyrian privileges and the Romanians from the Banat", Maria Theresa, (1717–1780) Archduchess of Austria (1740–1780) Queen of Hungary and Bohemia (1740–1780), Archduchess Maria Anna, Abbess of Imperial and Royal Convent for Noble Ladies, Archduchess Maria Ludovika of Austria-Este, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maria_Theresa&oldid=1011548167, Knights of the Order of Saint Stephen of Hungary, 18th-century women of the Holy Roman Empire, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers, Wikipedia articles with CANTIC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with PLWABN identifiers, Wikipedia articles with RKDartists identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with Trove identifiers, Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 11 March 2021, at 14:04. Maria Theresa’s position was strengthened by her coronation in Hungary in June 1741. [113] The Directory was transformed into the United Austrian and Bohemian Chancellery in 1761, which was equipped with a separate, independent judiciary and separate financial bodies. The central government was responsible for funding the army, although Haugwitz instituted taxation of the nobility, who had never before had to pay taxes. Eventually, Charles VI left behind a weakened and impoverished state, particularly due to the War of the Polish Succession and the Russo-Turkish War (1735–1739). She permitted non-Catholics to attend university and allowed the introduction of secular subjects (such as law), which influenced the decline of theology as the main foundation of university education. [33] The army had also been weakened due to these wars; instead of the full number of 160,000, the army had been reduced to about 108,000, and they were scattered in small areas from the Austrian Netherlands to Transylvania, and from Silesia to Tuscany. Her education was overseen by Jesuits. Maria Theresa's ally, the Elector of Saxony, now became her enemy,[51] and George II declared the Electorate of Hanover to be neutral. Her eldest daughter Maria Elisabeth died from stomach cramps at the age of three. How Maria Theresa kept the memory of her deceased children is documented in a mural by Franz Anton Maulbertsch in the "Giant Hall" of the Hofburg in Innsbruck, which Maria Theresa commissioned to be painted as a monumental place of remembrance for her family after the sudden and unexpected death there of her husband in 1765.
Engagement Party Venue, Bayern Vs Leipzig Where To Watch, Contoh Fluida Statis Dan Dinamis, Park Center Basketball Roster 2021, Wyce Now Playing,